Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Damage Tolerance (DT), is the ability of a material to function and resist fracture after a permanent change/defect has taken place for a given period of time. The Damage Tolerance is an essential attribute of a structural component, whose failure could result in catastrophic loss of life or property. Damage Tolerance Analysis The DT addresses two points concerning an initially defected/damaged structure. First, it determines fracture load for a specified defect size. Meaning that the load where material failure occurs, when a specified defect size, exists is determined. Second, it predicts the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load. In this case, it is assumed that the defect can extend and propagate in a sub-critical manner1. The determination of fracture/failure load for a defected component will be the primary target of the DT analysis that will be carried out for the projects needs. To apply the DT method, the fatigue target stress levels need to be calculated. The last can be derived from the ultimate allowable stress levels. The ultimate allowable stress levels can be basically determined by the loading conditions applied to the specified component. In every structural case, the specific target stress value for any given primary structural component is adjusted for its specific geometry and material properties. Therefore, the prediction of the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load will be attempted to be determined. Of course to achieve predicting the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load, the respective material data should be available. Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is known that a structure usually fails by one or combination of failures. These failures can be elastic /inelastic deformations, buckling, fatigue or accidental impact, etc. In the flow chart of Figure 4.1 a possible procedure that might be adopted to carry out the numerical DT analysis of a structural component is depicted. This flow chart, as it can be seen, covers the case of static and fatigue load. Despite of this, each case can be assessed and examined individually if all the required inputs are available. 1 Damage Tolerance Analysis of Aero Structural Components, TATA Figure 4.1: Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is intended to develop a fully parametric numerical model of the structural (metallic and/or composite) component for the DT modelling using the aid of suitable Finite Element software. The work plan is to write a scripting code in the FE softwares parametric design language to allow defect geometric characteristics (e.g. defect location, damage size etc.) and external data (e.g. geometric characteristics, material properties, loading and boundary conditions of the component) to be automatically inserted to the numerical model of the structural component. The aim is to develop a code with the following features: easy data insertion by uploading the geometry of the component, apply loading and boundary conditions to the DT modular unit, and data import for different types of components with minimum modifications. Moreover, it will be attempted to achieve a sufficient mesh density for the Finite Element model (refined FE model) that will provide adequate accuracy by minimizing the discrepancies of the results in a prescribed range. At the same time, it is desired that the model will not consumes excessive computational time and effort for its solution. It will be attempted to incorporate an adaptive mesh routine for increasing the mesh density at the defect regions according to certain condition/criteria, such as the minimum energy condition. This technique will be employed in case that complex geometry is about to be analysed. Eventually, a post-processing macro-routine will also be programmed to process the results from the analysis solution. A possible way for verifying whether the structural component can operate with defect or repair is required is by calculating the Margin of Safety (MS) for the examined component. Using the maximum stress (von-Mises) obtained from the numerical analysis, static margin of safety (MS) obtained for limit and ultimate loads can be calculated respectively. By employing the suitable failure criteria a possible reduction of the components structural strength will be defined. Required inputs for Damage Tolerance Analysis In this section the inputs that will be required for carrying out the numerical structural analysis are listed in the following paragraphs. A brief explanation about each required input is also presented in order the reader to comprehend the necessity of each characteristic. Components geometric characteristics The geometric characteristics of the component can be separated in three distinguished categories, which both of them have to be defined with accuracy. These categories are: components   geometry   (the   geometric   characteristic   of   the   reference-no   defect- component), type of defect, and geometry of the defect. And they are explained in more detail below. Components Geometry Initially, the geometric characteristics of the component are required for carrying out a numerical analysis that will assess the DT of the investigated component. In more detail, the geometric characteristics of the investigated component-in case of a flat plate- are its width, length, its thickness etc. For the case where a more complex geometry needs to be investigated, CAD drawings will be required. It is preferred to provide EXIS with the drawings in electronic format in a neutral file (e.g. .igs or .stp format) to allow the smooth insertion of these file to the FE software. Additional inputs will be required, depending the case, for de-featuring the CAD model and eventually generate an equivalent simplified FE model. It is expected the last to have less elements/nodes and hence less computational demands. Typeofdefect The type of flaw detected by the Non Destructive procedure (e.g. crack, delaminations, etc.) will be an advantage to be known and given as input before developing the FE model for the DT analysis, Figure 4.2. It will be helpful to know the defect type DT Analysis of the structural component will examine, so the appropriate modelling procedure and discretization method in the defects region will be used. Delaminations(single-andmulti-level)Freeedgedamages(delaminations, notches,loosefibers,etc.) Figure 4.2: Type of defect to be analysed DefectGeometry It is essential when performing a numerical structural analysis of a defected component to know the geometry of the defect. Basically in this case the geometry of the defect is part of the geometry of the analysed and investigated component. Therefore, the   non-destructive method (PA or IRT) will initially detect the damage and generate an image. The image processing procedure will allow to calculate the size of the defect and its location. The geometric characteristics that are expected to extract are the area, width (w), height (h) and the coordinates of the defected area into the component. An estimation of the through thickness damage will be also required for the FE model. The last is expected to be provided by the software that will perform the non-destructive testing. It might be necessary to model the defect using an equivalent area of a circle or rectangular, in order to avoid modelling complex defect shapes, such as of Figure 4.3. In case that this approach is utilized, a validation procedure will be performed. Figure 4.3: Geometrical characteristics of the defect Material mechanical properties To carry out a numerical DT analysis of a component, it is necessary to insert the appropriate material models into the FE model to simulate the exact behaviour of the component and its strength. In case the metallic components are examined, the material properties that need to be available are the following: Modulus of Elasticity (E), and Poisson Ratio (ÃŽ ½). Regarding composite components, monolithic CFRP is the main category that is believed that is about to be investigated, since a wide range of currently flying aircrafts, such as the Airbus 3XX family is using them. Therefore, in case that monolithic composite material the material properties that define the material model will be inserted to the FE model. The following material properties can adequately define the behaviour of the material model. Material properties of the ply Eij, Gij and vij, where Eij Gij and vij is the Young, Shear modulus and Poissons ratio in the i,j direction respectively. The subscripts i, j can take values from 1 to 3 and they are used for defining the material coordinate system, Figure 4.4. Ply thickness. Stacking sequence and number of plies, Figure 4.4. Axial Strength of laminate in 1, 2 and 3 direction. Shear Strength of laminate in 12, 23 and 31 direction. If the material inputs are not available from the designer of the component, then they will be taken from the open literature. Figure 4.4: Representative stacking sequence of a CFRP composite and material coordinate system Characteristic example of a set of three dimensional failure criteria is the maximum stress failure criteria. They are presented below (ÏÆ'ij are the calculated layer-stress components in the (ij) direction and the denominators are the ultimate strengths in the corresponding direction). Maximum  Stress  Failure  Criteria: The nominator of each ratio is the maximum stress value that is developed in the structure. The denominator is the strength of the material in each direction. Whenever the ratio is less than one then no failure occurs, otherwise material failure exists. It desired not having any failure when ultimate load is applied to the component. Restraints and Boundary conditions The stress state of a composite structural member is strongly related with the way this member is attached to the rest of the aircraft structure. Knowing that in the area of the defect/damage stress concentration exists, the correct definition of the boundary conditions is essential. To this end, the boundary conditions of the structural component must be provided in order to apply the respective degrees of freedom/ constraints to the FE model. Loading conditions For carrying out the DT analysis, the loading conditions exerted to the composite component need to be defined. It is essential for the numerical analysis the applied load to be known; hence it is a required input. In more detail the limit load that is applied to the structural component needs to be known before running the analysis. Additional inputs Additional inputs might be required to perform the DT analysis of a specific component with a specific type of defect. In that case additional inputs might be needed.

Tom Brown’s Schooldays

Schooldays Different Interpretations Tom Brown’s Schooldays by Thomas Hughes was first published in 1857, yet it is still currently used in several literature classes. The book is a phenomenal piece of literature that has motivated several people into creating their own adaptations in a media format. The main protagonist in the story is Tom Brown, a young thirteen year old boy with great Christian morals before attending Rugy School. The antagonist and bully of the story is Harry Flashman who is corrupted by the power he receives from his father’s influential role in funding the school.The Story follows Brown’s transformation from a kind and gentle young man into a cruel boy with no remorse. The main influence on Brown’s metamorphosis was Flashman’s constant harsh treatment of weaker and younger students attending Rugby. At the end of the story Brown takes a look back at the time he spent at Rugby and is forced to question his morals. The 2005 movie adaptation was very well scripted and contained most of the basic themes that were portrayed in the book. After doing an acceptable amount of research about the movie I discovered that it was filmed at the actual Rugby School described in the book.I was surprised to see that most of the cast members fit my description of what the characters should look like from reading the book. Watching the movie and reading the book were similar in the way of developing an emotional bond between the characters and the audience. An example of this would be my hatred toward Flashman because of his harsh treatments on the weaker children that couldn’t defend themselves. Although the movie was quiet of an emotional thrill ride there were significant differences from the original story.It is an extremely difficult task to depict the same story in a novel onto a movie or TV screen, and Tom Browns Schooldays directed by Dave Moore was no exception. The movie had left out two significant parts of the story that were crucial to the introduction and conclusion of the novel. The beginning of the movie started off with Brown’s father talking to him about not loosing his Christian morals and sending him to Rugby. In the novel it begins with Brown’s pleasant life before Rugby School, this helps the reader establish Tom’s personality and experiences. I was disappointed when I idn’t see this in movie because it helps the reader develop a sense of Brown’s past and compare it to his life at Rugby. The conclusion of the movie ends with Brown as one of Arthur’s pallbearers at his funeral. It was interesting to see this in the movie because in the original novel Arthur never died and actually helps the other students realize their harsh methods, inevitably changing their ways. There was also an added scene in the movie that never occurred in the book. The sex scene involving Flashman and Sally which I found quite pointless to include in the movi e.After comparing the novel and movie it is hard not to notice the differences but the main theme of a young man realizing his moral obligation is still portrayed. I enjoyed reading and watching the story but overall I have to say the novel was much better because the movie kept on straying away form the original story. I understand that Dave Moore was trying to make the movie original because of the previous movies before, but it felt like a different story in the introduction and conclusion of the movie. Tom Brown’s Schooldays by Thomas Hughes is a wonderful work of literature that will still be widely used in future.

Health Care Project Essay

Team B has chosen prescription drugs for our health care reform project and how our current economic status is influenced. We will give ideas and solutions to show how to decrease the drug pricing. Ways that can be implemented toward a solution. Pharmaceutical company’s need to amend their business practices from a high profit, low development model to a moderate profit, moderate to high development model. Structures and regulation that will explain the competition, barriers to entry, and regulations. Taking a look at drug pricing from different perspective, like cost, research, and development, marketing, and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs. The Monopoly of pricing who is involved, and the curves associated with it. Price discrimination how it changes who’s involved and what the criteria are for groups as well as pricing for individuals. How cost of co pays differ from brand names to generic and how the drug formulates come into play. How to make the system work for everyone that will amount to higher than just a 30-day supply, pharmacy assistance programs, local charity programs, and low income opportunities. Better ways to enforce existing legislation, vote in new legislation, and regulate prices across the board. The above affects the insured and non-insured American’s. For most American households, paying for health care to include prescription drugs and medical bills has been one of the hardest financial strains out there. According to a report published by (Consumer Reports, 2012), many have cut back on other household expenses or taken potentially dangerous measures with their health to afford their medications. The most affected population is the working-age Americans who do not have prescription drug insurance coverage. More than half of the people who completed the survey requested by Consumer Reports took one or more prescriptions had to reduce other household expenses or make changes in how the general population manage their finances. These reductions included how much they spend on their groceries, entertainment, activities with the family, and using their credit cards to purchase medications. The problem  was more severe with younger people than elderly people age 65 and older. â€Å"84 percent of them said they had to resort to such measures† (Consumer Reports, 2012) as previously listed. Prescription drugs or better yet the cost of prescription drugs is a discussion in the country of importance. The rise of the cost of prescription drugs is of important to many people in the United States and plays a huge role in the economics of health care. The elevated pricing of prescription drugs has become a focal point of politics and in need of some governance. Even though healthcare and prescription drugs are seen as a private sector issue, the discussion of some socialist measures put into place is a definite need for the economy. Some of those ideas include price-capping expensive drugs and even importing drugs from Canada. Healthcare and prescription drugs have been privatized; however, the government has a huge influence on them both. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, the government, including state, and federal, has contributed more the 2.7 trillion in 2011. This shows that we have hidden, or more politically correct, blurred the view of a socialist healthcare system. The currently health care system with health care reform has caused confusing for co nsumers. Many people are struggling to pay for the high cost of medication they are on. Some of the patients have to take a different type of medication, which is called alternative medication because their insurance denied paying for it in addition; the process to get approval from insurance takes longer time and more paperwork back and forth from doctors and insurance companies. In reality, health care consumers are the victims, they suffer from their medical illnesses, and they suffer for the high cost of prescription drugs. Health care reform in theory is helping more than forty million people to have health coverage, the demand curve shifts to the right. The important matter at the present time is the supply to cover that many people to have a quality care whereas the economy is gradually recovering. The unemployment rate is not changing much, it is still relatively high. When the prescription drug cost much of our income, seeking for other solution becomes a must do from consumers, they tend to dismiss their prescriptions or buying medication from online market, w hich may cause bad health than curing purpose.

Exploring ADHD and Available Treatments Essays - 2279 Words

Abstract: This research paper describes ADHD and the treatments available. It discusses the different medications and their side effects and explains the opinions of some doctors for an alternative treatment. The main goal of the writing is to shed some light on the disorder and describe some theories about ADHD. This goal is stated in the thesis which talks about how ADHD cannot be identified exactly, the side effects to the medication are harsh, there are different alternative treatments, and research shows it may be caused from hormones and sleep deprivation. A Normal Life ? Imagine sitting in a fourth grade science class. The teacher is lecturing in the front of the room while a groundskeeper mows the grass outside the window.†¦show more content†¦What is ADHD? ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological disorder found most commonly in children around the age of seven. ADHD symptoms are poor attention skills and hyperactivity. The first known ADHD symptoms were found in the mid 1800s in children with nervous system injuries and diseases. In 1848, a German physician wrote a childrens story, Fidgety Phil, describing hyperactive behavior. George Frederic Still, (Armas 2001) a British Pediatrician who believed that the children were brain-damaged and described the children as, aggressive, defiant, lawless, overactive, attention impaired, dishonest and accident-prone this first discovery. He also described them as having a defect in moral control. Since the beginning of ADHD people have been trying to find a cure for the hyperactive symptoms, but maybe the cure was right in front of everyones eyes all society needs to do is open them. Another statistic included with ADHD is the fact that between 1997-1998 data from the CDCs National Health Interview Survey showed that one-half of children diagnosed with ADHD have also been identified as having a learning disability. This shows that the children already have disabilities and maybe there is somethingShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Disorder ( Adhd )1669 Words   |  7 PagesHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is a condition affecting many children, adolescents and adults (Resnick, 2005). ADHD manifests itself through behaviors of hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention and a lack of stick-to-itiveness (Resnick). Initially, researchers believed ADHD impacted children throughout their young lives and subsided around puberty (Kern, Rasmussen, Byrd Wittschen, 1999). 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By researching on a deeper level, people may be able to discover various new way to adjust socially to interactions with autistic people of all agesRead MoreAdhd And Comprehension Strategies For Students With Adhd5462 Words   |  22 Pages ADHD and Comprehension JVT2 Task 2 Jennifer Blake July 19, 2015 A Written Project Presented to the Faculty of the Teachers College of Western Governors University â€Æ' Abstract There is a need to provide effective comprehension support for students labeled with ADHD. ADHD students struggle with comprehension and there is limited research on comprehension strategies for these student. 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The Adult Mental Health Division (AMHD) of the State of Hawaii Department of Mental Health serves adults who require counseling services, those who have been diagnosed with a serious mental illness, adults who have been court ordered to treatment, victims of a natural disaster or terrorism, and those who are in crisis (â€Å"Access to Services† n.d.). They alsoRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ), Group Therapy, Psychotherapy And Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction3165 Words   |  13 Pageswith families referred for conflict, coercion, verbal or physical aggression by caregivers (including the use of excessive physical force or threats), behavior problems in children/adolescents, or child physical abuse (Trull Prinstein, 2013). The treatment program has been expanded to accommodate children and adolescents with physical abuse or discipline-related trauma symptoms, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since CBT is goal-oriented and problem focused it places a significant amountRead MoreThe Food Of Food Industry1536 Words   |  7 Pagesand meat products. This can cause devastating problems further down the line. People can develop infections that will not respond to antibiotics because their body has already built up an immunity to antibiotics. If this happens, there will be no treatment for them. Additionally, some people feel that if food is in the stores it must be fine because the government regulates food and ensures safety. However, Henochowicz et al. (2014) have stated the FDA’s role is just to ensure that the food will notRead MoreChildhood Personality Disorders, Violence and Suicide Essay2796 Words   |  12 PagesAnti-social personality disorder has many noticeable characteristics that can be noticed during the early phases of its development, these characteristics if noticed early can make the difference between the individual with the disorder getting treatment or the disorder progressing into full on anti-social personality disorder. But to know the signs one has to know what contributes to the development of the disorder. Contributors to antisocial personality disorder and the alike disorders are caused

Shareholder vs Stakeholder vs Market Failures Model

Business and ethics are often considered as opposite ends of a magnet, one in the means of seeking profit and other with the common assumption of refraining from profit maximization; so the question become is business ethics really an oxymoron? The usual perception of business ethics is very poor and pessimistic as many corporate executives say one thing yet do another. Although the maximization of self-interest and profit seeking is what drives the economy forward, but how should one’s actions be justified, is it ok to do as you wish as long as the law permits? Business managers along with other professionals have sets of ethical codes laid out and are to be followed. There is the bar set in place to monitor the practices of each†¦show more content†¦These firms seek non-preferred strategies because they bring easy and quick forms of profits, but it is also short lasting. â€Å"Misleading advertising stands to false advertising as deception does to fraud† (Hea th). When firms adopt misleading advertisement for its products, it will bring short term profits before consumers realize they are being deceived. However when consumers do acknowledge the unethical behaviours of the business, they will switch products and by the word of mouth spread unfavourable comments of the firm; thus in the long run, such business behaviour is not practical as bad reputation leads to loss of sales and eventual closedown of operations. Profit seeking often bears negative conceptions due to the frequent exploitation of the market and flaws of the legal and regulatory systems. These firms fail to consider the moral obligations they must also endure. The analogy between â€Å"orporate social responsibility† and â€Å"Good sportsmanship† effectively compares and applies such concept. Having good sportsmanship does not only include not breaking the rules of the game but also refraining from exploiting the loopholes and flaws of the regulations. Taking basketball for example, unavoidable physical contact will occur during the game; however one should avoid purposely injuring other players just to win. Although certain teams do adopt such tactics like those firms using non-preferred strategies to make money, but most top

The Safety Regulations Of The Automobile Industry

Now days the automobile industry has to stick to a large list of government regulations. While some of them may just be focus on the driver comfort and an avoiding unnecessary distractions. The government also has safety regulations which has to be strictly impose on every vehicle. Within these safety regulations there is The Clean Air Act; an act to improve, strengthens, and accelerates programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. But we always had criminals breaking the rules of society. VW (Volkswagen) committed fraud by having their software engineers programing the onboard engine management module (ECM) in order to obtain higher profits. Of course they did not care about the consequences neither the harm they will be†¦show more content†¦Aristotle made clear that all humans seek to flourish. Well, Volkswagen, as a corporation, was trying to flourish once more but not by good means. Also Aristotle pronounced that â€Å"man is a rational creature who lives in poleis† and what make society are rules, rational rules. Is these are violated there is going to be a possibility of encountering a highly corrupted society. Aristotle thinks we should be upset if people do well undeservedly. This engineers fooled government authorities and the public for more than five years. And this case is an indignant outcome of how low big corporation can behave. The Aristotelian ethics seeks Eudaimonia or what is call happiness. This is the goal of every human being. The executives, who elaborated this fraud, mandate to have bigger profits because they want to be happier or perhaps they just are vicious men. The software engineer’s, that decide to obey, want to keep their jobs in order to be happy. Also they thought that the public will be happier with their new revolutionary product. It is good to know that criminal behavior is a sign that the resource is lacking. Aristotle did raise a set of ethical questions that are directly relevant to corporate leaders who wish to behave in ethical ways, even when Aristotle didn’t know anything aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Safety Regulations Of The Automobile Industry1834 Words   |  8 PagesNow days the automobile industry has to bind to a large list of government regulations. While some may just be focusing on the driver comfort and avoiding unnecessary distraction, the government has sa fety regulations which have to be strictly imposed on every vehicle. Within these safety regulations, there is The Clean Air Act; an act to improve, strengthens, and accelerates programs for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. But we always had criminals breaking the rules of society. 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Group Communication Rowman and Littlefield - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Group Communication Rowman and Littlefield. Answer: Introduction: Group work is a voluntary association of team members being able to form cooperative learning that enhances and contributes total output compared when done individually. On this particular task we had an educational engagement with my colleagues on a task assigned in school. We were tasked to perform a group work assignment in group of four. Despite our differences, we were able to manage the task positively. We co-operated amongst ourselves and we assisted each other very well. My association with my colleagues reflected characteristics of flexibility nature, humble working together and shared ideology in a bold and loving environment. We were a team of students, in mix of gender balanced in that we had two males and two females of diverse cultures. On the males side, one was Kiwi culture, with typical characteristics of being outgoing people, friendly and welcoming, they inhabit the land of New Zealand, their cultural characteristics is that they are the kind of people who can associate freely with people. Our male team member was also kiwi, however Christian, generally their culture is typical friendly based, they describe themselves as friendly however reserved with respect to other peoples view. Generally they are very outgoing people with some little display of privacy. It is easy to start a conversation with them, however with this culture their communication skills often use slang, which can be confusing, however in the group, we were able to adjust ourselves and requested them to talk a little bit slowly so that we could hear the meaning of what they were saying, at times in the group we had to ask them to repeat what they were saying. They really appreciated this gesture, in that we were able to understand ourselves with them smoothly and effectively. My other team member was Chinese female colleague. However how much she was still learning English we were able to communicate with ease and able to understand each through accommodative phase. Then, me an Indo of Fiji population, whom we are accommodative, coupled with my strong faith as a Mormon, we also, are accommodative to other peoples view. In general, in completing this task in group we were able to work freely together and enjoyed the company of each other despite our cultural differences i, it worked on our advantage and we really did the work harmoniously. What were my feelings in the group work task After finding out the task which we were going to handle in the group work assignment, i was very excited and kept motivated in taking part of it. According to Van de Pol et al., (2016) study, he proposed that as participant in any group event you must be aware of the activities to engage yourself on and the demands it requires. As group we sat and organized ourselves and shared roles to be performed by different members, we laid down our plan of work and time management schedule. This was beneficial in that it enabled me to learn and gained more knowledge which i was going to share with my colleagues in the group. In the group work, it was more apprehensive, in that most of my team teams members like the Kiwi people, i hadnt engage with them so much, hence I was a bit nervous of how they relate with the people, however we found out that the activity turned to be more interesting and were able to socialize well with ease. Personally I was able to enjoy my colleagues and the experienc es i received from the group activity gave me a new experience to look upon and be able to appreciate other peoples culture I come across. Taking part in the activities of the group gave me an opportunity to learn new things. The new learning opportunity presented an opportunity for my own personal development through group learning. I was able to attempt new skills that I had never tried before and learn and progress at an equal measure. A few skills in the group required motivation and confidence, while respecting the views of other members. I had to practice to speak smoothly so that my other members could hear and understand me well. The amount of confidence i had in the group work task made me to feel confidence and kept me motivated as I had known my role and laid a plan on how to respect to other person culture and beliefs. From the group perspective i have learnt a lot from the group work exercise, reflecting on the task given and the opportunity to get to learn from my colleagues and exchange of each others experience was really informative. In analysing my understanding and taking in the group, analysis of dif ferent learning styles that can be explored. According to Honey Mumford, (2000), learners can be activists, which have the behaviour of seeking new experiences, excitement, accept change and value freedom and challenges, then there are those who are pragmatics, who prefer practical sessions, then reflectors who like to observe, think and reflect and then finally those who are theorist , in that they question and probe through the methodological exploration. In this assessment i categorised myself as being activist in these learning process. I was eager to get to know these new experiences in the group and how we were able to learn from each other was really helpful. Hence with this view, I can say group work assisted me in being more active in learning process, (Rua Bastiaans, 2003). During the discussion time in my group with tasks, i felt motivated, and urged to engage even more. At the beginning of each discussion I was motivated to learn new aspects and the contribution my colleagues were bringing into the discussion, once i realised that my competency levels were below par while others i was very confident of performing them. This was evident among my group members, as some experienced that they had grey knowledge in the area they were tackling in the sessions. However in some areas we were able to perform well and competently. Van de Pol et al., (2016), observed that at times in group activity individuals, tend to display and engage in activities which displayed high competency and success. However in order to engage ourselves more we had to give ourselves opportunities that for us to nurture each one of use, to succeed and to have positive interest, and to gain motivation to be confident in explaining what we know and speaking out what we know, as group is meant for sharing knowledge from diverse backgrounds. To aid us to effectively go through the group task, we utilised the theory of social goals model, (Baines, Blatchford Kutnick, 2016), who defines the model as based on programming of social consciousness, social responsibility and social change. The model further suggests that democratic participation of others in the group can have an effect on the social changes. In this the association and integration enhanced in the group task is able to bring social enhancement and foster integration within the group setting which is promoted by the divers cultural nature of the group members. The model facilitates for improved self esteem and increase social power for the group members both collectively and individually. The social work promoted by this model builds on the impact of the groups on individualization and group processes to accomplish individual and group goals. By definition group is a method which facilitates the two or more peoples meeting and having an engagement together for social interaction roles and achieve the desired tasks collectively with ease. Effective groups need to build its evidence on the concept of effective organization and illustrate how members work together to achieve common goal, (Kruger, 2014). Hence organization needs to spend time and energy setting to strive to achieve each other goals. In our group, it was a duty of experiencing self confidence in working things out, it is in this process of enabling effective organization that refining of skills and building strong collaboration is affected. We took closer look at how we could relate, and shared roles which the members can contributed equally for the success of the group. Our meetings were planned and co-ordinated in an effective manner, for group process to be effective, we exploited patience and the ability to understand each other, and understand how we affected each other. In assessing the group we ensured that key elements are considered. These key elements include communication, participation, decision making and organizational roles. With keen interest on these areas, it ensured that good framework is laid for group work to be successful. In analysing communication component, we observe pertinent aspect which informs the group process. In ensuring this we chose to form rules of engagement, on the mode of communication based on our arguments, for how long one should talk and how often. We single out our group leader to be the leader to guide on the discussion and for the group to have decorum. In the class tutorial presentations we assessed each one of use roles and organised ourselves on the order of the presentations and priority key areas of presentation. We laid a line up of whom to speak after whom in the presentation session and agreed on the tone of the communication the discussion it will take. For our discussion to be heard and to be effective, we used combination of skills like tonal variations and use of questions to capture the attention of listeners, (Fujishin, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion this group work exercise has given me an experience on how to engage with my peers, an experience which encourages me to articulate my ideas and be able to question the ideas of my colleagues, while respecting their values and appreciating their views. This opportunity leads to social process of constructing ideas and developing possible solutions to problems. According to Hendry et al, (1999), the association between constructivism philosophy and problem based learning. This active engagement with my colleagues of differ cultural backgrounds and our differences, we were able to handle our task effectively and utilised effective communication skills in our group to solve the group task. In completion of the group work exercises, my feelings are that I could be more confident and motivated in trying the new skills learnt. Also as group as a whole, benefits shared form the group activity, we took part need to be more driven on the new activities and to learn new experiences. We had a great opportunity of learning from the diverse cultural background we and and the opportunity we had on learning each other through accommodative gesture was of significant to all of us. The experience gave me an opportunity to gain more experience and skills which help to develop on and be able to teach others in future. Going forward in group activities, i think there is need for me to develop confidence and learn more that despite our cultural differences, we are able to transverse each others alienation and work effectively to support each other. To help us increase the confidence levels, few more session will be helpful in supporting this gesture, as these efforts would have bore fruit in that slowly we shall be gaining confidence, for the particular activity for group work purposes, in doing so we shall improve greatly and high motivation levels which enhance our group work skills and organizations. References Baines, E., Blatchford, P., Kutnick, P. (2016). Promoting effective group work in the primary classroom: A handbook for teachers and practitioners. Routledge. Fujishin, R. (2013). Creating effective groups. The art of small group communication. Rowman Littlefield. Hendry, G. D., Frommer, M., Walker, R. A. (1999). Constructivism and problem?based learning. Journal of further and higher education, 23(3), 369-371 Honey, P., Mumford, A. (2000). The learning styles helper's guide. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Peter Honey. Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage publications. Ru, G. C., Bastiaans, N., Nauta, A. (2003). Free-riding and team performance in project education. Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., Oort, F., Beishuizen, J. (2014). Teacher scaffolding in small-group work: An intervention study. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 23(4), 600-650.