Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essays

Researching how much the 5 pence least charge on neighborhood considers expands the expense of making nearby calls Essays Researching how much the 5 pence least charge on nearby considers expands the expense of making neighborhood calls Essay Exploring how much the 5 pence least charge on neighborhood considers expands the expense of making nearby calls Essay The point of this coursework is to find how much the 5 pence least charge (to cite BT: the base charge for each call stays at 5p comprehensive of VAT) on neighborhood considers expands the expense of making nearby calls. This data would then be utilized to find out in the case of moving to a phone administrator without a base expense would be a smart thought. In the event that moving would set aside cash, at that point it would merit doing. Surely, investigating the current charge, it appears as though there are numerous calls under 5 minutes (as neighborhood rates are 1 pence every moment during the night and end of the week and the telephone is constantly turned off during the daytime). Information Collection The populace is the aggregate of neighborhood calls made during 3-month time span. This populace is framed due to the parade of just one ordered bill, which happens to be from first of November to the first of February. The current phone administrator is BT. This bill (for example the populace) records 886 calls, with an absolute term of 30 hours, 38 minutes and 57 seconds. The total expense for this period is à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½50.30 (to the closest 2 d.p., before VAT). The populace is persistent on the grounds that time can be given to any number of decimal spots. The information is irritable as precise as it is conceivable to be just untraceable PC bugs could clarify mistakes. As PC issues are impossible for an enormous global firm, for example, BT, we can believe the information inside the populace to be solid and acceptable quality. An example strategy suitable here could be irregular examining. A case of this may be naming 886 bits of paper, tossing them into a cap and choosing 50. Likewise, a PC could be utilized to choose 50 irregular whole number numbers in the scope of 0 and 887. Such an arbitrary technique would anyway give no sign of whether the length of brings stayed steady after some time. Arbitrary inspecting may permit a specific group of calls to rule the general pattern. Defined examining would not be suitable for the examination since we need to discover the quantity of 5-minute calls, not simply select a specific number of them. This examining technique would be valuable for a sub-examination, for instance to perceive how much impact the more than 5-minute calls make to the charging by just choosing the more than 5-minute calls and evaluating their extent. Another method of testing is select each x call, where x is the aftereffect of 886/50 adjusted down to the closest entire number. This would mean chronicle the call term for each seventeenth call (on the grounds that 886/50 = 17.72). This will produce more that 50 examples, be that as it may, 50 is a base not a most extreme. As the information is most likely exact, there can't be any outliners. If you don't mind note: a PC maths or spreadsheet bundle has not been utilized in the planning of this report. Accordingly, the information gathered is given roar (and afterward arranged by hand): Call span in a flash Cell length in short order (arranged) 53 10 50 11 10 20 120 31 413 33 45 33 274 34 99 35 48 35 50 35 100 35 53 35 54 36 42 36 44 37 11 38 108 38 36 38 38 39 54 41 47 41 41 42 54 42 35 42 47 44 50 45 269 45 42 47 35 47 55 48 35 50 227 50 35 50 33 53 36 53 39 54 170 54 35 54 1077 55 38 57 31 99 33 100 45 107 1266 108 34 120 107 170 20 227 57 269 38 274 37 413 42 1077 41 1266 Table 1 crude information and crude information arranged Investigation Mean A mean gives some thought of focal inclination (the normal call span). It will notwithstanding, be influenced by the outrageous qualities 413, 1077 and 1266. Along these lines, it appears to be suitable to gauge the mean with and without the 3 qualities. With the 3 qualities (done utilizing a mini-computer, to 2 d.p.): ==112.56 seconds or 1 moment 52.56 seconds Plainly, this answer is higher than the majority of the occasions, so not especially delegate. With out the 3 qualities (done utilizing a number cruncher, to 2 d.p. ): ==63.2 seconds or 1 moment 3.2 seconds. The subsequent answer appears to be increasingly delegate, yet at the same time doesn't assess most of the occasions. Mode The mode is another proportion of focal inclination that gives the most regular call length. The mode is unmistakably 35 seconds (since this call term is the most incessant, being rehashed multiple times). From a visual investigation, this time appears to give a serious decent sign of focal propensity as more often than not appear to fall inside the 9 t (seconds) 61 territory. Middle Another proportion of focal propensity is the middle, which might be numerically determined or perused off a calmative recurrence diagram. As the later isn't fundamental precise on the grounds that hand drawn, the numerical technique will be utilized. The middle gives the center number, and as such isn't influenced by the outrageous numbers. It doesn't be that as it may, assess the genuine estimations of the call lengths. Ideally, it should give some thought with regards to the normal of the information. To figure the middle, the numbers should each be allocated a position. The middle is the mean of the length appointed to the 26th and 27th position (on the grounds that 52/2 =26 and (52/2)+1=27 and n is even). The positions, which were alloted physically to the information, are given in the table beneath: Positions Cell span like a flash (arranged) 1 10 2 11 3 20 4 31 5 33 6 33 7 34 8 35 9 35 10 35 11 35 12 35 13 36 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 38 18 38 19 39 20 41 21 41 22 42 23 42 24 42 25 44 26 45 27 45 28 47 29 47 30 48 31 50 32 50 33 50 34 53 35 53 36 54 37 54 38 54 39 55 40 57 41 99 42 100 43 107 44 108 45 120 46 170 47 227 48 269 49 274 50 413 51 1077 52 1266 Table 2 crude information arranged and positioned (by hand) The 26th and 27th qualities are both 45 seconds. Accordingly, the middle is 45 seconds ((45+45)/2=45). From visual review, this appears to speak to everything except the outrageous qualities, in any case, the mode appears to give the best proportion of focal propensity. Reaches The range is 10 1266 (=1256). In the event that the finial 3 qualities were expelled, the range would be 10 284. This shows the 3 qualities do have an extraordinary effect upon the figurings that consider. The between quartile range would give a superior proportion of spread, as it would stay away from the extraordinary qualities. The middle of the middle of the entire informational collection and the lower bound is the lower quartile, while the middle of the middle of the entire information and the upper bound is the upper quartile. Lower quartile The thirteenth worth is 36, similar to the fourteenth. In this way, the lower quartile is 36 seconds. Upper quartile The 39th worth is 55, and the 40th is 57. the upper quartile is 56 seconds. Subsequently, the between quartile extend is 56-36 or 20 seconds. This discloses to us that the center portion of the example is with a 20 second range. Since half of 52 is 26, we realize that the 26 of the example falls inside the 20 seconds of one another. In this way, we can derive that the middle is a decent proportion of focal inclination. Figuring the midrange would not be relevant, as the outrageous qualities would have too noteworthy an effect on the outcome. Standard deviation The standard deviation estimates normal (not exact in light of squaring and square-establishing, purported standard) deviation from the mean. As 2/3s of the information exist in the standard deviation, maybe it will be a decent proportion of spread and focal inclination. The standard deviation will help reveal to us whether 2/third of the information is inside 5 minutes, and if so it might merit changing the administrator. The equation utilized is: . The squared call lengths are given roar (these squares were determined by utilizing an adding machine). Call term right away Cell term in a moment or two (squared) 10 100 11 121 20 400 31 961 33 1089 33 1089 34 1156 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 36 1296 36 1296 37 1369 38 1444 38 1444 38 1444 39 1521 41 1681 41 1681 42 1764 42 1764 42 1764 44 1936 45 2025 45 2025 47 2209 47 2209 48 2304 50 2500 50 2500 50 2500 53 2809 53 2809 54 2916 54 2916 54 2916 55 3025 57 3249 99 9801 100 10000 107 11449 108 11664 120 14400 170 28900 227 51529 269 72361 274 75076 413 170569 1077 1159929 1266 1602756 Table 3 call spans arranged and squared (utilizing a mini-computer) (determined utilizing un-adjusted qualities, and checked utilizing the measurable capacity of the mini-computer.) Along these lines, 2/third of the call spans exist in 224.89 seconds. 224.89 seconds is 3 minutes 44.89 seconds, indicating that 2/3rds of the call terms exist in a short time of the mean. This emphatically demonstrates changing administrator would be gainful. Number of call terms under 5 minutes Another valuable figuring is ascertain what number of the call spans fall beneath 5 minutes (300 seconds). On the off chance that we think about the example sensibly delegate, at that point we can say that the proportion of under 5 moment to more than brief calls is 49:3. On the off chance that the example is delegate, at that point this implies there is a high number of calls cry 5 minutes. Showcases Box and hair chart A decent was of summing up a portion of the computations above would be a container and stubble chart. This is figure 1. Recurrence polygon A recurrence polygon is a suitable strategy for finding the state of the dispersion (see figure 2 and sheet F2). If you don't mind note that the last 3 call lengths were excluded, as this would have antagonistically influenced the scale and not given an important showcase. Figure 2 shows a slight positive slant. There is a tight circulation around 20-60 seconds. Following 60 seconds, there are periodic calls lengths. Aggregate recurrence graph Suspecting a tight dispersion, a total f

Desktop and Laptop Computers Marketing in Philippines Essay

Work area and Laptop Computers Marketing in Philippines - Essay Example In the site of CIA-The world actuality book (2007) it is expressed that The Philippine Islands turned into a Spanish province during the sixteenth century; they were surrendered to the US in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines turned into a self-administering province. Manuel QUEZON was chosen president and was entrusted with setting up the nation for autonomy following a 10-year progress. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese occupation during WWII, and US powers and Filipinos battled together during 1944-45 to recapture control. On 4 July 1946 the Republic of the Philippines accomplished its freedom. In managing this announcement alone, it would give us risks in infiltrating the market, since our nation has rolled out noteworthy improvement in this Arizona-sized nation. Regardless of the way that the nation is the second most unfortunate country in Asia (Next to Bangladesh), the nation indicated huge requests on the obtaining and usage of work area and PCs the nation is designing for the digitalization of the entirety of the workplaces and enterprises and with this occasions, use of PCs is one of the need of this nation. Moreover, the world actuality book of CIA depicted the monetary diagram of the nation as The Philippines was less seriously influenced by the Asian money related emergency of 1998 than its neighbors, helped to a limited extent by its elevated level of yearly settlements from abroad specialists, no continued runup in resource costs, and increasingly moderate obligation, before the emergency. From a 0.6% decrease in 1998, GDP extended by 2.4% in 1999, and 4.4% in 2000, yet eased back to 3.2% in 2001 with regards to a worldwide monetary stoppage, a fare droop, and political and security concerns. Normal GDP development quickened to abo ut 5% somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2006 mirroring the proceeded with versatility of the administration area, and improved fares and farming yield This sort of circumstance gave us enough grounds to consider that this nation has the cash and assets to buy such merchandise. So as to additionally establish that the market has enough assets to dish out and to have the option to discover that the item would be a hit for this nation, utilizing Hofstede's Five Dimensions of Culture as a parameter is a decent pendulum to examine the capacity of this nation in a social point of view just as contrasting it with US are significant components to be broke down. Worldwide Marketing 3 The primary thing that we ought to consider is the Power separation record (PDI) of the Philippines. In light of the exploration directed by a few non government association and willful gathering, there is a tremendous separation between the rich and the poor from this nation. Consistently, these associations presumed that under 10 percent of the families are remembered for the supposed high society of the general public (the rich and popular) and the staying 90 has a place with the B,C and D classes of the general public. Among these classes, the class C and D are the ones who are the lion's share. For this situation, it is set up that the rich and the renowned has separation with one another and such a situation recommends irregularity since under 10 percent of the populace are affluent and the poor ones has grater

Free T-Shirts

Free T-Shirts One thing to expect when attending the University of Illinois is a new wardrobe. Besides all of the heavy jackets and sweatshirts youll be buying for winters in Champaign-Urbana, you will also be obtaining a new lineup of free t-shirts distributed at different experiences on campus. Just this past week, I was walking on the Main Quad and was asked to add my name to an email list for apartments and receive a free t-shirt. Of course, I couldnt pass up a free t-shirt so I gladly put my email on the card and was handed a new piece for my wardrobe. My experience earlier this week was not at all unique. I remember the first weekend of freshman year going to each of the Welcome Days activities and receiving free t-shirts at almost every place. I go to Illini sports events and I get a free shirt. I take a walk on the quad and get a free shirt. I was an RA last year and have evidence of it because of free shirts. A new restaurant opens, I get a free shirt.  I fill out surveys and of course, you guessed it, I get a free shirt. Now, this is pretty awesome because when I walk into my closet, I see a ton of different representations of my time in college. I remember all the sports, walks on the Quad, and times at my old residence hall. These free t-Shirts are more than just marketing for an organization, they are memorabilia. They are a part of what makes college such an interesting time in your life. After all of the homework and extracurriculars of each week, being offered a free t-shirt is a very welcoming prospect. With each new t-shirt I obtain, I have a physical reminder of what was going on at that specific time. The makers and distributers of these free t-shirts should be proud of the gifts that they constantly bestow upon us as students at Illinois. Their t-shirts make our campus a much brighter and more welcoming place. Not to mention, these t-shirts are great representations of each of the things that they have labeled on them. At the end of my four years, I hope to have obtained many more t-shirts. After its all said and done, my clothes hangers will be hung with memories. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Writing as a Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 649 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Writing is a part of our daily activities. We communicate through written materials daily which are products of the writing process. For a written product to the effective there is a procedure writers and authors go through called the writing process. Writing as a process refers to the events done to come up with a finished product. Writing as a product refers to the quality control attributes. Interpretation and analysis of the questions is crucial. Understanding the question is important. It will give you key words that will help you answer effectively. Special conditions are also key and must be adhered to. Identifying the key words is critical in answering the question correctly because, the body/content of your essay must be adequately built on defining the key words. Planning is the next step. Planning includes identifying your task, analyzing the audience, gathering of information, thinking of support or objections of your idea or thought and research material that one will use. Researching is an act of planning that involves reading relevant sources adding more knowledge on the ideas one has, exploring for further knowledge of your brainstorm, and note making. When note making you can code notes with similar ideas for easier grouping when writing. An ideal plan is structured with an introduction- definition of terms major arguments evaluations, then conclusion. One can use a technique called the SQ3R when doing research. Mind tools Ltd. Increasing your retention of written information (2005:2009) SQ3R Available at: https://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newISS02. htm [Accessed: 25 Oct 2009] SQ3R is a useful technique for extracting the maximum amount of benefit from your reading time. It helps you to organize the structure of a subject in your mind. It also helps you to set study goals and to separate important information from irrelevant data This technique is abbreviated for survey, question, read, review, and revise. Surveying f or documents with related subjects, make questions of importance regarding the subject. Read and take note of all significant points. Revise all valuable points and take note, finally review to check if you have understood and remember what you have learnt. After this process one can prepare a first draft, this is a sketch noting down all information gathered . In the draft one can structure the arrangement, organization and layout of arguments in an effective way. The draft is then edited. This is a check to correct the spelling, grammar, capitalisation, punctuation, and consistency. Stephen and Kaczmarek (2004:70) define editing as ‘Editing means making surface-level changes that make the document grammatically correct’. After editing, you proofread to check for typographical errors. As with any product, the aspect of quality control is necessary. Writing as a product includes rechecking to see if one has relevantly answered the question in depth meeting the requir ements of the question or task. Your product must have covered all aspects required including the special conditions lengths and font size. Researched information must be verified, correct, and properly referenced. Presentation, transition between ideas must be smooth, laying out of points that deserve emphasis must be appealing. Organisation of ideas, coherence continuity, accuracy of content and clarifying of examples. Ensure the content is reader friendly, free from bias, logical, and builds goodwill. The language and logic must be tuned to the reader’s ability and interests. Presentation of organized and connected ideas will aid meaning and is vital. Every age group has literature designed to empower and develop one’s mind and it all manifest through exposure to reading , thus effective writing as a process and as a product are footstools of knowledge and vital to humanity . [599 words] References: Kitty. O. Locker. Stephen, Kyo Kaczmarek 2004 BUSSINESS COMMU NICATION BUILDING CRITICAL SKILLS Second Edition Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin New York America Mindtools Ltd. Increasing your retention of written information (2005:2009) SQ3R Available at : https://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newISS02. htm [Accessed : 25 Oct 2009] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Writing as a Process" essay for you Create order

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been - 1733 Words

Where there is desire, there is hope, despair, and struggle. Joyce Carol Oates illustrates animatedly the asphyxiated struggle of desire in her short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† The story narrates the life of a young girl, named Connie, and her fated and enigmatic confrontation with a strange man. Feeling trapped in her own home with her own family, Connie, a self-conscious and rebellious teenager, tries to figure out a way to identify herself with the world around her. Her desire of escaping the reality fuels her struggle to enter adulthood. Through the physical form of Arnold Friend, who embodies both the hope and the despair in Connie’s struggle, the author metaphorically portrays a vigorous and psychological pressure that Connie has to endure. The story is scripted to allude to the danger of identifying oneself through sexuality in young girls. To better understanding this cryptic story, it is important to follow the psychological processe s and conflict of Connie’s character, which help unveil the allegorical meaning of a young girl’s rite of passage through sex. In the beginning of the story, the way Oates describes Connie’s behaviors help construct Connie’s state of mind as a doubtful and vulnerable young girl. The author perfectly capture the essences of Connie’s character by illustrates how Connie has, â€Å"a quick, nervous giggling habit of craning neck to glance into mirrors or checking other people’s faces to make sure her own was all right,†Show MoreRelatedWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1021 Words   |  5 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been? By Joyce Carol Oates A short story titled Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? tells a tale of an adolescent girl who suffers consequences of growing up in the unsupportive environment and the society preoccupied by the media. 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Rahab Free Essays

Rahab – women of the bible (a woman who Believed the truth) Rahab –â€Å" insolence†, or â€Å"fierceness†, or â€Å"broad†, or â€Å"spacious† The â€Å"Ra† part of her name comes from Egyptian idolatry, â€Å"Ra† the sun god, this is from â€Å"All the women of Bible † by Herbert Lockyer, Zondervan Publishers Rahab and the two spies are the main charactersin Joshua2. Rahab was a prostitute (her occupation). She lived, geographically and morally, on the edge of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Rahab or any similar topic only for you Order Now She lived at the time of the conquest of Canaan (the land northeast of Egypt, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, Lebanon to the north was the Hittite Empire and Bashan, to the east were the nations of Ammon and the Ammorites, Moab, and Edom) by the Israelites Her house was located on the wall of the city and was strategically placed to lodge travelers. This was a prime location for her trade. Rahab had heard of the God of Israel and aced in faith. By hiding the spies she faced the risk of being killed if caught by the authorities. However rahab knew it would take a step of faith to get her out of her present predicament. She did not intend to perish with the rest of jericho. She knew that if she did nothing- this would lead to her destruction. No one an serve two masters. She made a conscious decision to act in faith on what she heard about God. Rahab was an ancestor of Jesus(Matthew1:1-6). Her faith brought her into an immense inheritance. From a prostitute to the linage of Jesus Christ. This is what faith can do. No matter your stand in life, rrespective of where you are or who you are a simply step of faith in Jesus Christ can turn your destiny around. â€Å"By faith Rahab the prostitute did not perish with those who were disobedient, because she had received the spies in peace† – Hebrews 11:31 The life of Rahab can be found in Joshua 2, Joshua 6, Hebrews 11:31 Matthew 1:5 James 2:25 How to cite Rahab, Papers

Basic Situation of Construction and Implementation of the Open Governm

Question: Explain about the Basic Situation of Construction and Implementation of the Open Government. Answer: Introduction Upgrade Report Administrative system requirements are mostly identified for the whole organization and implemented at every hierarchy of the company. If the software is not upgraded for bringing about a change in the organization then the improvement in the organization may be limited to a particular section of the company. Whenever there is an attempt to identify administrative system requirement then it should have a systems thinking approach which considers the whole organization as a single unit. In order to achieve success through this strategy one needs to upgrade their software modules. If the company does not go with the system upgrade then it will not be able to cope up with the changing business eco-system which it wants to cater. There may be complex processes in the organization which cannot be handled by the present software module and if not upgraded the entire system may collapse. (Zhang Zhang, 2007). Survey Requirements gathering are the procedure to investigate into the needs of a proposed software system by interacting with employees, final users, software users and others stakeholders in the same eco-system. The numerous ways through which it can be done are as follows: Interviews Interviews are effective channels to gather requirements. Companies may organize different types of interviews such as: Structured interviews, where each information to collate is pre-decided, their content of discussion follows a fixed pattern Non-structured interviews, where information to collate is not pre-fixed, more flexible and less opinionated. One-to-one interviews which are organized between two persons across the table. Surveys Companies may undergo surveys among numerous participants by investigating about their expectation and needs from the upgrade Questionnaires A document with pre-defined set of objective questions and respective options is handed over to all stakeholders to answer, which are collected and compiled. All these processes would enable to understand the requirements of various employees and also fathom their expectations from future upgradation. Preliminary Expenditure Budgets The factors among many which should guide the decision for selecting a recommendation are as follows: Economic feasibility There should be a proper cost-benefit analysis conducted before selecting the option for software upgrade. The extent of performance improvement in the long run resulting into increased revenue metrics must exceed the cost of upgradation just for the upgrade being considered. Technical feasibility This factor focuses on the fact that whether the company has enough technical resources like hardware, software, or network capability to support the application from an open source platform. If not then the company should stick to proprietary software. Also future technology changes in the industry need to be taken into account. Strategic feasibility The company must also consider the strategic impact of going for the upgrade. It might earn them a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace and change the industry dynamics as a whole. Implementation Timeline The upgradation and change management might have certain implications in terms of intangible costs such as employee dissatisfaction and an occasional dip in performance. In order to avoid this, a proper change management and training schedule needs to be planned, which would be a critical consideration for overall cost. Software licensing requirements have several legal and regulatory constraints regarding intellectual property which needs to be taken care of. If pricing constraints are looked at with the perceived benefits then having a mixed approach seems to be ideal. Report Some of the common influences of outsourcing the software licenses or going for open source software are as follow: Cost savings: The functions, services or products which are not core competency of the organization are generally outsourced to vendors who are efficient in that process or function. This leads to significant cost savings for the organization. Employee level: Since organization gets rid of the non-value adding process in an organization through outsourcing, it also helps in optimizing staffing levels. Focus: Outsourcing helps in better honing the skills of the employees through steep learning curve on the core competency of the organization without focusing on the other aspects. This leads to better productivity without utmost focus on quality. Flexibility: Outsourcing helps in freeing up of resources which can be used in other processes thereby imparting greater flexibility to the organization. However there are also certain disadvantages like lower degree of control on quality, decreased company loyalty, a complex bidding process, etc. (Vegoda Dyro, 2006). After a critical analysis of the three options at hand it seems that a mixture of open source and proprietary licensing would be better software. Quotation Specification There are several methods to ask for quotation whiles the most popular and broad ways to classify them are as follows: Request for Information (RFI) This method is used to gather information from various suppliers before taking any decision regarding the sourcing of the material, product or services. This is particularly applied when there is stiff competition among the supplier which is large in number and information asymmetry exists among them. A typical RFI contains the following sections: Table of contents Introduction and reason for RFI Explanation of scope Abbreviations or terminology Elaboration of further process which may be a RFP or RFQ Request for Proposal (RFP) This method is applied when one has decided on a particular product or service for sourcing and asks various suppliers to submit proposals so that they can be compared among themselves for their suitability. A typical RFP contains the following sections: Table of contents Confidentiality or non-disclosure agreement Primary data regarding vendor and the procedure Scope and limit of the project Expected time span Elaborate design data and requirements Commercial necessities Budget Examination and decision criteria Submission methodology Implementation Plan Implementation of any system upgradation requires efficient application of change management in an organization. While monitoring the implementation of any system up gradation, top managers should be brought on board before the implementation. Then there should be personal interaction with the frontline officers who will directly be affected with the change and explain the benefits for the chosen system up gradation. The next step would be announcement of the key features and benefits of the system change to the entire organization (Adler, 2006). Throughout the process care has to be taken to ensure the employees are being given proper training and they are comfortable with the new technology and it is not creating obstacle in their daily work. As mentioned earlier implementation of any new technology or system up gradation in an organization requires successful implementation of change management principles. There is every possibility that some problem arises in spite of necessary p recautions and in that it would not be wise at pointing out the defects in the system. The news should be broken after pointing the benefits that have been achieved through the system upgradation and the excellent job that has been done by the entire team entrusted with the job of implementation. Then it should be mentioned that further modifications are required in order to achieve complete successful implementation of the system upgradation. (Strehl, 2003). Risk Management There should be proper risk management plans applied in the organization in order to deal with a problematic situation arising during system upgradation. The contingency plan must be supported with proper disaster recovery plans so that its effect is limited on the output or production. There should be parallel systems in place which needs to be up and running to minimize the downtime and cost associated with it. Apart from that the system upgradation can be implemented on a test basis only on few systems to avoid large scale disasters and downtime (Stern, 2011). Key Performance indicators Organizations need to evolve over the years to remain relevant in the market. The need for technology change occurs when there are visible problems at different sections in the organization. The productivity reduces and cost optimization is not achieved then it augurs the requirement of new technology. The various stakeholders need to be consulted to identify the flaws in the organizational processes and ways to improve them through new technology. The industry best practices have to be identified and implemented in the organization. There is a requirement for announcing the benefits of the new technology to the whole organization (Parikh Basu, 2016). The implementation of a system upgrade is always involved with certain user issues or problems that are not used to using the version of the software. This can be mitigated through proper training and development so that the employees feel comfortable while using the software. There can seminars and workshops for training purpose, stan dard operating procedures can be established. There will always be a section of the employee who has some level of prior exposure to the software who can be roped in for training process and can help their fellow colleagues in gaining expertise in the new system (Joshi, 2010). There are several support options that can ensure smooth implementation of system upgrade with much effect on productivity. The supplier help can be taken for few days even after the implementation of the system upgrade through their trainers and experts so that they can help the employees of the organization. As mentioned earlier few employees who have prior exposure to the software can pitch in to help their colleagues. Finally the system upgrade can be implemented in phases so that the training can be implemented with a more focused approach that later become a resource for the organization for further training of their colleagues (Dobosz Szymański, 2011). The following KPIs can be utilized Increase in revenue in 1 year Increase in revenue in 5 years Cost of upgradation Cost of training, scheduling and change management Employee satisfaction over the complete implementation and adaptation period Client satisfaction post implementation Conclusion Hence, it is clear that administrative system requirements are identified for the entire system of organization and even implementation is to be done for each hierarchy in the company. Requirements gathering procedure is used for understanding the need of any proposed software system. Few of the decision making steps revolve around technical and economic feasibility and also as per the requirements. Few of the benefits of outsourcing software are flexibility, cost saving and optimizing the employee level. It can be said that company needs to keep evolving with respect to technology in order to stay in the market and the need for changing technology becomes high when problems become visible in different levels of organization. References Adler, J. (2006). Basic situation of construction and implementation of the open government information system in Chongqing municipality. Government Information Quarterly, 23(1), 4857. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2006.02.002 Dobosz, J. Szymański, B. (2011). An implementation of relational interface to an information retrieval system. Information Systems, 6(3), 219228. Doi: 10.1016/0306-4379(81)90024-7 Joshi, K.. (2010). Reorganization of the work system for successful information systems implementation. Information Management, 19(4), 271284. Doi: 10.1016/0378-7206(90)90036-h Parikh, J. Basu, A. (2016). Effect on system performance due to Upgradation of 2G/3G system to LTE. International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies, 6(1), 1122. doi:10.5815/ijwmt.2016.01.02 Stern, A.. (2011). Supporting the need for electronic medical records (EMR) system implementation for diabetes management within a general internal practice setting. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 7(1), e11. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.09.028 Strehl, F. (2003). Implementation of a new performance appraisal system and the problems of organizational change. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 59(1), 8397. Doi: 10.1177/002085239305900106 Vegoda, P. R. Dyro, J. F. (2006). Implementation of an advanced clinical and administrative hospital information system. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 3(4), 259268. Doi: 10.1007/bf01724394 Zhang, J. Zhang, H. (2007). Design and implementation of sales management information system. Modern Applied Science, 1(4), doi:10.5539/mas.v1n4p60

Microbiology Notes free essay sample

His masterpiece sculptor â€Å"David†, was made between 1501 and 1504 C. He was a French sculptor and poet D. Created the famous fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Branches of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Agricultural Microbiology Legumes +N2-fixing microorganisms Microorganisms have important role in cycling plant nutrients (N, P, C, S) Cattle production depends on rumen microorganisms Biotechnology Food production (Dairy products (ogurt, cheese) sauerkraut, pickles, sausage, bread, beer, wine etc. Bioremediation (detoxification by use of microorganisms Genetic Engineering (manipulation of genes in order to create new products) * Who started Microbiology? Antoine van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch merchant The first person to see microbes as being ALIVE! Father of bacteriology * * What Leeuwenhoek could see? Different shapes of bacteria Red blood cells, spermatozoa, plant and animal cells Magnification of his micro scope was 32X Robert Hooke’s Microscope Compared to Leeuwenhoek’s Robert Hook introduced the compound microscope (objective lens + ocular lens) Robert Hook (1665) reported that the smallest biological structural unites were â€Å"little boxes†-cells CELL THEORY- all living things are composed of cells Golden Age of Microbiology (1830-1900) Scientists searched for answers to the following questions: Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? What causes fermentation? What causes disease? How can we prevent infection and disease? Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? Aristotle proposed spontaneous generation-living things can arise from non-living matter Toads and snakes could be born of moist soles Maggots could arise from corpses Francesco Redi’s Experiment, 1670s Flies with meat 1765 Lazzaro Sallanzani conducted experients to disprove the doctrine of spontaneous generation biolied infusion, hermetically sealed the container. We will write a custom essay sample on Microbiology Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nly a small crack in the neck was sufficient to allow penetration and development of â€Å"animalcules† in the infusion. Nicholas Appert patented his invention and established a business to preserve a variety of food in sealed bottles-canning Finally! Arguments about spontaneous generation resolved by Louis Pasteur Read about Louis Pasteur’s experiment How he really did it? Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes, but let in (Swan Neck Flask) Joseph Meister First person to be treated by Louis Pasteur against rabies Pasteur’s Discoveries Performed the most convincing experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation Role of yeast in alcohol fermentation Devised the process of pasteurization and basis of aseptic techniques Disease of vine-cold be prevented by heating the wine for a short time to a temp of 55-60 degrees Celsius The first preventive treatment for rabies What causes disease? Pasteur developed germ theory of disease, but had no proof†¦began working on Anthrax, but could not get a cure Robert Koch Studied causative agents of disease Gave the first proof that bacteria causes disease (by isolating the anthrax bacillus in pure culture)-germ theory of disease Perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture-solid media-boiled potato Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the organism causing the tuberculosis. Tuberculin-substance used for diagnosis of tuberculosis Excreted into liquid culture and if there is an allergic reaction than the person has tuberculosis Introduced the staining procedure for M. tuberculosis (acid fast staining) First to stain bacterial smears Discovered the causative agent of cholera 1905 received the Nobel Prize for Medicine Koch’s postulates Identify criteria for proving that a specific type of a microorganism causes a specific disease: 1. The microorganism should be constantly present in a diseased animal 2. The microorganism must be cultivated in pure culture 3. When inoculated into a healthy animal, such microorganism should cause characteristic disease symptoms 4. The microorganism should be re-isolated from the experimental animal, and it should have the same characteristics as the original microorganisms Ignaz Semmelweis e implemented that if doctors wash their hands they would reduce spreading germs Joseph Lister (1827-1912) Father of modern surgery Became aware of Louis Pasteur’s work (rotting and fermentation) Applied antiseptic (carbolic acid) treatment for prevention and care of would infection Introduced the procedure of disinfection of operating rooms Edward Jenner Performed the first vaccinat ion against small pox Chemotherapy (treatment of disease by using chemical substances) the first antibiotic was discovered by accident was penicillin Alexander Fleming-1928 discovered penicillin Produced by mold: Penicillin Crysogenum Commercial production started in 1945 in the US Problems with Antibiotics Can be toxic to humans Spread of new varieties of resistant microorganisms Development of techniques that facilitated further progress of microbiology Pure cultures (clone) is a culture consisting of only one type of microorganisms Use of Petri dishes Aseptic techniques Bacteria as distinct species Development of microbiology in the 20th century Bacteriology study of bacteria. Mycology study of fungi. Fungal infections rising Parasitology study of protozoa and parasitic worms Immunology study of immunity. Virology study of viruses. Cannot be seen by a microscope, you need an electro microscope (Dimitri Iwanowski, reported on the presence of infectious agents much smaller than bacteria. He discovered the tobacco mosaic virus) Recombinant DNA technology fragments of foreign DNA can be incorporated into bacterial genome The Establishment of the Scientific Method Scientific method-based on an experimental system It includes: 1. Observation and description a phenomenon 2. Formulate a hypothesis to explain the phenomena 3. Performance of experimental tests (to confirm hypothesis) If supported hypothesis becomes theory Joseph Lister He was born in 1827 in Upton, England Attended London and Edinburgh Universites Joseph Lister was educated in Edinburgh. Edinburgh is located in Scotland Scotland is an independent state Scotland is part of Great Britain Scotland is a province in France Scotland is part of Canada Why Chemistry? Bacteria subcellular structures complex molecules simple molecules atoms Atoms Building blocks of molecules Subatomic particles Shell Electrons rotate about the nucleus in their orbitals Nucleus Protons Neutrons Atoms do not carry charge Electron Orbitals and Shells Electrons rotate around the nucleus in orbitals (pathways) Low level energy electrons Nearest to the nucleus 1st shell-1 orbits (2e) 2nd shell- 4 orbitals (up to 8 e) 3rd shell-9 orbitals (up to 18e) Elements Each element contains characteristic number of protons and electrons-position in the table There are 118 known elements Elements in groups of similar properties Biologically important atoms 11 elements are of biological importance The Fathers of the Periodic Talbe Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer Isotopes Have a different number of neutrons; same physical properties Some isotopes have unstable nuclei-emit energy-radioactivity Significance in Biology Tracing atoms and molecules in metabolic reactions Diagnostic purposes Sterilization (gamma irradiation) Video Notes: Charges of protons and electrons are equal in magnitude Isotopes are identical to each other but sometimes vary in properties Carbon 12 and 13 are stable Carbon 11, 14, 15 are not Radiactivity Henri Becquerel-mysterious rays * Molecules Two or more atoms combined form a molecule-a new compound has new characteristics Compounds are formed when atoms are, donate or lose electrons Number of electron in outer shell-valence Determines the readiness of an element to react with other element How the atoms bind together? Through the chemical bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds Covalent Bonds Bonds between atoms that share electrons Electrons are not shared equally- change of polarity Hydrogen molecule H2 Water molecule is polar Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred from one atoms to another When valences complement each other Ex- NaCl (table salt) 7 is not stable Ionization Dissociation of molecules (atoms) into charge particles: Cations (+) Anions (-) When added to water, crystals of NaCl get ionized-Na+ Cl- Electrolytes-conduct electricity: acids, bases, salts When two electrodes are put together Each ion becomes hydrated-surrounded by water molecules Hydrophilic molecules attracts water Hydrophobic molecules repel water (benzene- a non-polar molecule) Hydrogen Bonds Attractive forces between nearby molecules Ex. Water molecules; proteins and DNA Represented with dotted line Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-losing electron Reduction-receiving electrons Chemical formulas Atomic symbols and number of atoms in a molecule: H2O Do not provide information on position of bonds between atoms C6H12O6 glucose and fructose Reactions Synthesis reaction Equation must be balanced Decomposition reactions Larger molecule is broken up in two smaller units 2H2+Ox 2H2O Solutions Mixture of substances solute- (solid, gaseous, liquid) in the solvent (liquid) Water is the most common solvent * * Acidity, Alkalinity, pH * Solutions can be acidic or basic H2H+ + OH- ionization of water H+H+ + OH- access of H+ acidic pH pH=_log [H+] pH1 =0. 1 mole H=/liter ph 2+0. 01 mole H+/liter Inorganic and Organic Compounds Compounds can be: Inorganic ( do not have C and H combined) NaCl, CaCO3†¦ Organic (CH4)-complex compounds with C boned to other atoms The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon is the fundamental element of life- Why? Molecular skeleton Have 4 electrons in outer orbital-can form 4 bonds Most often forms stable bonds with C H O N S and P Functional Groups Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups-functional groups Functional groups determin characteristics of a molecules Carbodroxyl-fatty acids, proteins, organic acids Amino- proteins, nucleic acids Macromolecules Smaller molecules (monomers) are assembled into larger compounds-macromolecules (polymers) **Table 2. 3 and Table 2. 4 ** Classes of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Have 3-7 atoms Pentose (5 Carbons) Hexose (6 carbons) Glucose Disaccharides Sucrose Polysaccharides Glycosidic Bonds Bonds between two sugars Carbons from two molecules are bonded via oxygen with release of H2O molecule Function of Polysaccharides Provide structural support (cell wall) Nutrient and energy storage Some examples Cellulose Agar Chitin-present in insects Peptidoglycan-polysaccaharide makes up cell wall of bacteria Glycocalyx- surrounds bacterial cell and provides protection Lipids Not soluble in water Classes of Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Synthesis of Triglycerides Glycerol bonds with three molecules of fatty acds through ester bonds Dehydration (need more) Biological Significance of Lipids Storage material (triglycerides) Membrane lipids Phospholipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion Cholesterols Provides support to the cell wall of some bacteria Proteins Composed of amino acids Assembled together through peptide bonds Peptide: short chain of amino acids Polypeptide (proteins): long chains of amino acids Protein structure determines its functionality: Primary-long chain of amino acids Secondary Tertiary Quaternary- complex molecule * * Peptide Bonds Bond between amino group of one AA and carboxyl groups of another AA Proteins are made up of 20 AA Look at list the Waterstreet gave us The Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA; informational molecules Contain genetic information Composed of nucleotides Nucleotides composed of: Bases Sugars Phosphate The Double Helix of DNA Held together by nucleotides ATP: the energy molecule of cells Adenosine triphosphate contains Adenine Ribose Three phosphates Gives off energy when the bond is broken and one phosphate group removed Marie Curie Pioneered research on radioactivity Theory of radioactivity Discovered two elements: polonium and radium The first female professor at the University of Paris The first Nobel st Nobel prize- in physics 2nd Noble prize in chemistry Marie Curie was born in France England Poland Austria General Laboratory Techniques-5 I’s Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification Inoculation Introducing a sample (the inoculum) into a container with a nutrient medium The medium contains appropriate nutrients that sustains the growth of microorganisms Some micro bes have to be inoculated into a living organism Isolation: Separating one species from another Obtaining pure culture Cultures composed of cells arising from a sing cell-PURE CULTURES Obtaining Pure Culture Streak plate method Petri plate Material picked up from somewhere and put at the tip of inoculation needle Dilution method Transfers to build bacteria in the petri plates Types of Media Physical State Liquid Solid (agar) Chemical composition Synthetic Nonsynthetic (complex) Functional type General purpose Enrichment Selective Differential Measures to be taken when working with microbiological media Needs to be sterilized Prevent contamination Synthetic media Known chemical composition (NaNO3/I; glucose 2g/l) Non-synthetic (complex) media Contains chemically undefined components (Pepton, beef extract†¦) Enrichment medium- supports the growth of a specific group of microorganisms (Ex. N2-fixing) Selective media-favor specific microorganisms and inhibits the others (methylene blue inhibits the growth of Gram+ bacteria) Differential media-contain substances that permit detection of microorganisms with specific metabolic activity E. coli (red) Incubation Microbiological cultures are placed temperature-controlled chamers-incubators Temperature: 20-40 C Pathogenic: 37 C MICROSCOPE-The Instrument Microscopes are the instruments that magnify the cell (object) to extent at which the cell details become visible Leeuwenhoek’s microscope had one lens Robert Hooke invented the compound microscope Microscope- The Basic Principle The specimen is magnified with the objective lens (real image) This image is magnified by ocular lens (virtual image) An enlarged and inverted image is received by retina Basic features of microscopy Magnification Resolution Contrast Magnification Magnification is the result of light refraction Mag=Objective powerx Ocular lens power Ex: Objective lens: low power lens=10x Ocular lens power=10x Mag=10x 10=100x * * Your objective lenses are color coded 4x- red 10c-yrlloe 40x-blue 100-black Use of immersion oil with high power objectives Immersion oil has the same refractive index as the glass Between glass cover slip and slide Used only with 100x lens magnification Refractive index is a measure of relative velocity at which light passes through material Resolution Resolution (resolving power) is the ability of a lens to distinguish two adjacent points as two separate objects. In light microscopes resolution is 0. 2 micrometers (limit 2,000x) High resolution-further apart Low resolution-closer together Which images can be resolved? Lower than 0. 2 micrometers Bigger than 0. 2 micrometers can be seen with microscope How does the resolution depend on the wavelength? Resolving distance=wavelength of light/w xNA (numerical aperture) The shorter the wavelength- the greater resolution Contrast Specimen must contrast with their background This can be achieved by: Changing the refractive index of specimen Stain the specimen Refractive index- mesures of light bending ability * * Types of Microscopes * What is the illuminating sources? * Light Bright field Phase contrast Fluorescent Dark filed Differential interference Confocal * Electron beam transmission scanning Light Microscopy-Compound Microscope Optical microscope parts: Illuminator Condenser Objective lens Ocular lens (eyepiece) Dark-Field Microscopes Best for observing pale objects Only those light rays scattered by specimen enter objective lens Specimen appears light against dark background Increases contrast and enables observation of more details Bright filed vs. Dark field Microscopy When light reaches the ocular lens dark objects are seen easier Fluorescent Microscopy Fluorescence is the ability of certain substancces to absorb short wavelengths of light and emit light at a longer wavelength Fluorescence Microscopy Sputum mucus Same mucus showing Mycobacterium tuberculosis stained with a fluorescent dye Immunofluorescence Diagnostic procedure: Antibody produced against a specific bacterium Conjugate antibody and fluorochrome Treat the unknown bacterium If suspected bacteria are indeed present they will bind the tagged antibodies Ultraviolet (or near) light is used as a light source Phase Microscopes Provides better contras and more details in the cell The light rays that hit he specimen travel a different path than the rays, which do not hit the specimen Bright field looks very light Phase looks better Differential Interference Microscopy (Nomarsky) Uses two beams of light Higher resolution -D images Confocal Microscopy Uses fluorescent dyes and UV lasers to illuminate the sample An image is taken in a single plane that is not thicker than 1. 0micrometer Resolution is increased by up to 40% because emitted light passes through pinhole aperture Computer constructed 3-D images Bacillus cereus Live cells-red Dead cells-green Composite image of 10 images Each 0. 2 micrometers thickness HIV (in green) travels down the microtubules (in red) Toward the nucleus (Blue) Bacteria are seen in light microscopes Electron Microscopy Two types of electron microscopes: Transmission (TEM) Scanning (SEM) Source of illumination electron beam Advantage of using EM Resolving distance=wavelength of lig/2 Wavelength of visible light=400A Resolution (light microscopy): 2000 A (0. 2 micrometers) EM uses an electron beam as a source of illumination (1000,000 times shorter wavelength than visible light) Resolution (EM): 2 A Magnification up to 100,000 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Image formed by the elctrons transmitted through a specimen A specimen is a thin section of material (fixed, embedded, and sliced-never alive) TEM is used for objects smaller than 0. 2 mm * The first electron microscope Constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1931 He demonstrated that a magnetic coil could act as an electron lens In 1986, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his many achievements in electron optics Ruska was born in Heidelberg Heidelberg is city in France Heidelberg University is one of the oldest Universities in Europe Heidelberg is a city in Germany B and C are the correct answers Scanning electron microscope Used to study the surface of the cell/tissue Image formed by the electrons reflected from the surface 3D view image is obtained on TV screen Preparation of specimen for optical microscopes

Ebonics - A Language essays

Ebonics - A Language essays Since the advent of man, he has tried to communicate with each other to get their thoughts and ideas across to the other. The earliest man used some form of communication and it was much later that scripting was invented. Today the earliest writing that has been discovered are those of the Sumerians and the Indus Valley Civilization. With increasing time and age languages became an important part of communication and many were recognized for the languages they spoke. Today there is a diversity of languages all across the globe. Arabic, Chinese, Persian, English and French are the most commonly spoken languages. In schools the national language of a country is taught and other languages are not really given any importance. However people do learn different languages and make them able to communicate with a person who speaks a different language. Native Americans had their own form of communication and when people from Europe started moving in and became dominant in America, the offici al language was chosen to be English. Blacks were brought in America in the great trans-Atlantic shift and were used as slaves. Their oppression was relieved later on and the black culture came into existence. Although they distorted English, and gave rise to new terminologies, Ebonics today are widely used all across the United States by the youth. IS EBONICS OR BLACK ENGLISH A LANGUAGE? Ebonics was a term formulated by a team of Black scholars and defined the way the descendants of the slaves talk. It is thus according to them a language spoken by the slave descendants. Language expresses identity and with Ebonics the Blacks aimed to identify themselves, their culture and heritage. Language variations are also absolutely necessary in the struggle for liberation. Ebonics forms a link between the Africans in the United States and the Africans all across the world. Many mistake Ebonics to be broken English or slang that is spoken by Black kid...

Innovation and Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Innovation and Technology Management - Essay Example Compared to recent decades, the current business environment has become highly dynamic and unpredictable. It has customers that are highly demanding and operate in a highly competitive environment. In order to counter these challenges, businesses have been developing new products and services the offer better experiences for its respective consumers. It is important to realize that the success of a business depends on a multiplicity of factors, besides human resource management, technology and innovations (Kleinman 2009, 13). This paper examines the importance of innovation and technology in businesses with emphasis on how these two processes have influenced the success of Apple, a company that has been known for its success in the design and sale of various consumer technologies. Businesses are started with an aim of achieving the set goals and objectives. In this case, the owners and managers have to be creative and devise strategies that can enable them to produce and distribute their goods to their identified markets in the most effective way. Many successful businesses in the world have been founded on carefully developed strategies and approaches that understand the market needs of the people. One of the ways of managing this is having a market research, which is essential in providing information on competitor strategies and the various ways in which the business can satisfy the needs of its market (Thompson 2008, 65). Developing market-oriented products and services is important for the business in order to avoid wastages in the production and distribution of its goods and services. Human resource management is critical in the success of businesses since, it empowers human capital in the business to develop policies and strategies to increase the business’ competitive advantage and market position. Human resource management involves the processes concerned with recruitment, hiring and development of business employees to make it

Arthur Kinoy, People's Lawyer Did he Succeed in Combining Law & Essay

Arthur Kinoy, People's Lawyer Did he Succeed in Combining Law & Conscience - Essay Example And he was quite active in behalf f the Southern civil-rights movement f the 1960s. Together with partners William and Michael Kunstler, he helped form what they called the "people's KKK." In fact, his book Rights on Trial, a memoir f his exciting and turbulent career, is subtitled The Odyssey f a People's Lawyer. Kinoy argued before the Supreme Court six times, winning five f those appeals. The case he considered most significant was United States v. United States District Court, in which the Nixon Administration tried to defend Justice Department wiretapping f antiwar protesters without a warrant, on the grounds that the President had the "inherent power" to ignore individual constitutional rights if he thought national security was at stake. Kinoy helped establish the now-extinct Citizen's Party, and ran on its ticket for a New Jersey State Senate seat in 1981. He didn't come close to winning, but says the campaign was a successful organizing tool. Kinoy believed people's movements had made a lethal tactical error by not talking about "the conspiracy f the power elite" to eviscerate the Constitution. Whether in the courtroom or in a debate, Kinoy was a feisty and brilliant thinker who was as relentless as he was ingenious. Most f his autobiography makes it appear that he went through his life as lawyer never pretending to e objective, never less than totally convinced about the justness f the causes he represented and the innocence f his clients. That posture, however, gives rise to some other questions. Most f Kinoy's important cases - Dennis v. United States, the White Panthers case, the Julian and Anna Rosenberg case, the Adam Clayton Powell case, the Chicago Seven case - involved some f the most significant political events f this country's 20th century history. The causes represented some f the most serious rifts in the democracy f the United States. Given Kinoy's frank admission that he was not detached from the causes in which he was involved, one might wonder how good the lawyering is when the lawyer and the client are equally passionate about the political cause that gives rise to the case. How clearly can a passionately involved lawyer describe the workings f the judicial system when the judges and opposing layers are by definition part f a conspiracy against justice and truth Kinoy indeed dealt with some troublesome players - Roy Cohn f the McCarthy era, Judge Julius Hoffman in the Chicago Seven case and Judge Harold Medina in the Dennis case - but he also presented many cases to the Supreme Court and to other tribunals, and even he finds it hard to write off all his judges and opponents as enemies in the class struggle. So the book wavers between condemnation f a legal system that is a stocked deck and an enthusiasm for the judicial process that ultimately led to the vindication f Kinoy's clients (and position) in the Chicago Seven case f in the Adam Clayton Powell case. There is apparently no such wavering about the lawyering that stems from deep commitment to the "cause". It is passing strange that with all those high intensity cases, not once does Kinoy reflect on the legal tactics his side used. Perhaps that is asking too much,

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Damage Tolerance (DT), is the ability of a material to function and resist fracture after a permanent change/defect has taken place for a given period of time. The Damage Tolerance is an essential attribute of a structural component, whose failure could result in catastrophic loss of life or property. Damage Tolerance Analysis The DT addresses two points concerning an initially defected/damaged structure. First, it determines fracture load for a specified defect size. Meaning that the load where material failure occurs, when a specified defect size, exists is determined. Second, it predicts the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load. In this case, it is assumed that the defect can extend and propagate in a sub-critical manner1. The determination of fracture/failure load for a defected component will be the primary target of the DT analysis that will be carried out for the projects needs. To apply the DT method, the fatigue target stress levels need to be calculated. The last can be derived from the ultimate allowable stress levels. The ultimate allowable stress levels can be basically determined by the loading conditions applied to the specified component. In every structural case, the specific target stress value for any given primary structural component is adjusted for its specific geometry and material properties. Therefore, the prediction of the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load will be attempted to be determined. Of course to achieve predicting the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load, the respective material data should be available. Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is known that a structure usually fails by one or combination of failures. These failures can be elastic /inelastic deformations, buckling, fatigue or accidental impact, etc. In the flow chart of Figure 4.1 a possible procedure that might be adopted to carry out the numerical DT analysis of a structural component is depicted. This flow chart, as it can be seen, covers the case of static and fatigue load. Despite of this, each case can be assessed and examined individually if all the required inputs are available. 1 Damage Tolerance Analysis of Aero Structural Components, TATA Figure 4.1: Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is intended to develop a fully parametric numerical model of the structural (metallic and/or composite) component for the DT modelling using the aid of suitable Finite Element software. The work plan is to write a scripting code in the FE softwares parametric design language to allow defect geometric characteristics (e.g. defect location, damage size etc.) and external data (e.g. geometric characteristics, material properties, loading and boundary conditions of the component) to be automatically inserted to the numerical model of the structural component. The aim is to develop a code with the following features: easy data insertion by uploading the geometry of the component, apply loading and boundary conditions to the DT modular unit, and data import for different types of components with minimum modifications. Moreover, it will be attempted to achieve a sufficient mesh density for the Finite Element model (refined FE model) that will provide adequate accuracy by minimizing the discrepancies of the results in a prescribed range. At the same time, it is desired that the model will not consumes excessive computational time and effort for its solution. It will be attempted to incorporate an adaptive mesh routine for increasing the mesh density at the defect regions according to certain condition/criteria, such as the minimum energy condition. This technique will be employed in case that complex geometry is about to be analysed. Eventually, a post-processing macro-routine will also be programmed to process the results from the analysis solution. A possible way for verifying whether the structural component can operate with defect or repair is required is by calculating the Margin of Safety (MS) for the examined component. Using the maximum stress (von-Mises) obtained from the numerical analysis, static margin of safety (MS) obtained for limit and ultimate loads can be calculated respectively. By employing the suitable failure criteria a possible reduction of the components structural strength will be defined. Required inputs for Damage Tolerance Analysis In this section the inputs that will be required for carrying out the numerical structural analysis are listed in the following paragraphs. A brief explanation about each required input is also presented in order the reader to comprehend the necessity of each characteristic. Components geometric characteristics The geometric characteristics of the component can be separated in three distinguished categories, which both of them have to be defined with accuracy. These categories are: components   geometry   (the   geometric   characteristic   of   the   reference-no   defect- component), type of defect, and geometry of the defect. And they are explained in more detail below. Components Geometry Initially, the geometric characteristics of the component are required for carrying out a numerical analysis that will assess the DT of the investigated component. In more detail, the geometric characteristics of the investigated component-in case of a flat plate- are its width, length, its thickness etc. For the case where a more complex geometry needs to be investigated, CAD drawings will be required. It is preferred to provide EXIS with the drawings in electronic format in a neutral file (e.g. .igs or .stp format) to allow the smooth insertion of these file to the FE software. Additional inputs will be required, depending the case, for de-featuring the CAD model and eventually generate an equivalent simplified FE model. It is expected the last to have less elements/nodes and hence less computational demands. Typeofdefect The type of flaw detected by the Non Destructive procedure (e.g. crack, delaminations, etc.) will be an advantage to be known and given as input before developing the FE model for the DT analysis, Figure 4.2. It will be helpful to know the defect type DT Analysis of the structural component will examine, so the appropriate modelling procedure and discretization method in the defects region will be used. Delaminations(single-andmulti-level)Freeedgedamages(delaminations, notches,loosefibers,etc.) Figure 4.2: Type of defect to be analysed DefectGeometry It is essential when performing a numerical structural analysis of a defected component to know the geometry of the defect. Basically in this case the geometry of the defect is part of the geometry of the analysed and investigated component. Therefore, the   non-destructive method (PA or IRT) will initially detect the damage and generate an image. The image processing procedure will allow to calculate the size of the defect and its location. The geometric characteristics that are expected to extract are the area, width (w), height (h) and the coordinates of the defected area into the component. An estimation of the through thickness damage will be also required for the FE model. The last is expected to be provided by the software that will perform the non-destructive testing. It might be necessary to model the defect using an equivalent area of a circle or rectangular, in order to avoid modelling complex defect shapes, such as of Figure 4.3. In case that this approach is utilized, a validation procedure will be performed. Figure 4.3: Geometrical characteristics of the defect Material mechanical properties To carry out a numerical DT analysis of a component, it is necessary to insert the appropriate material models into the FE model to simulate the exact behaviour of the component and its strength. In case the metallic components are examined, the material properties that need to be available are the following: Modulus of Elasticity (E), and Poisson Ratio (ÃŽ ½). Regarding composite components, monolithic CFRP is the main category that is believed that is about to be investigated, since a wide range of currently flying aircrafts, such as the Airbus 3XX family is using them. Therefore, in case that monolithic composite material the material properties that define the material model will be inserted to the FE model. The following material properties can adequately define the behaviour of the material model. Material properties of the ply Eij, Gij and vij, where Eij Gij and vij is the Young, Shear modulus and Poissons ratio in the i,j direction respectively. The subscripts i, j can take values from 1 to 3 and they are used for defining the material coordinate system, Figure 4.4. Ply thickness. Stacking sequence and number of plies, Figure 4.4. Axial Strength of laminate in 1, 2 and 3 direction. Shear Strength of laminate in 12, 23 and 31 direction. If the material inputs are not available from the designer of the component, then they will be taken from the open literature. Figure 4.4: Representative stacking sequence of a CFRP composite and material coordinate system Characteristic example of a set of three dimensional failure criteria is the maximum stress failure criteria. They are presented below (ÏÆ'ij are the calculated layer-stress components in the (ij) direction and the denominators are the ultimate strengths in the corresponding direction). Maximum  Stress  Failure  Criteria: The nominator of each ratio is the maximum stress value that is developed in the structure. The denominator is the strength of the material in each direction. Whenever the ratio is less than one then no failure occurs, otherwise material failure exists. It desired not having any failure when ultimate load is applied to the component. Restraints and Boundary conditions The stress state of a composite structural member is strongly related with the way this member is attached to the rest of the aircraft structure. Knowing that in the area of the defect/damage stress concentration exists, the correct definition of the boundary conditions is essential. To this end, the boundary conditions of the structural component must be provided in order to apply the respective degrees of freedom/ constraints to the FE model. Loading conditions For carrying out the DT analysis, the loading conditions exerted to the composite component need to be defined. It is essential for the numerical analysis the applied load to be known; hence it is a required input. In more detail the limit load that is applied to the structural component needs to be known before running the analysis. Additional inputs Additional inputs might be required to perform the DT analysis of a specific component with a specific type of defect. In that case additional inputs might be needed.

Tom Brown’s Schooldays

Schooldays Different Interpretations Tom Brown’s Schooldays by Thomas Hughes was first published in 1857, yet it is still currently used in several literature classes. The book is a phenomenal piece of literature that has motivated several people into creating their own adaptations in a media format. The main protagonist in the story is Tom Brown, a young thirteen year old boy with great Christian morals before attending Rugy School. The antagonist and bully of the story is Harry Flashman who is corrupted by the power he receives from his father’s influential role in funding the school.The Story follows Brown’s transformation from a kind and gentle young man into a cruel boy with no remorse. The main influence on Brown’s metamorphosis was Flashman’s constant harsh treatment of weaker and younger students attending Rugby. At the end of the story Brown takes a look back at the time he spent at Rugby and is forced to question his morals. The 2005 movie adaptation was very well scripted and contained most of the basic themes that were portrayed in the book. After doing an acceptable amount of research about the movie I discovered that it was filmed at the actual Rugby School described in the book.I was surprised to see that most of the cast members fit my description of what the characters should look like from reading the book. Watching the movie and reading the book were similar in the way of developing an emotional bond between the characters and the audience. An example of this would be my hatred toward Flashman because of his harsh treatments on the weaker children that couldn’t defend themselves. Although the movie was quiet of an emotional thrill ride there were significant differences from the original story.It is an extremely difficult task to depict the same story in a novel onto a movie or TV screen, and Tom Browns Schooldays directed by Dave Moore was no exception. The movie had left out two significant parts of the story that were crucial to the introduction and conclusion of the novel. The beginning of the movie started off with Brown’s father talking to him about not loosing his Christian morals and sending him to Rugby. In the novel it begins with Brown’s pleasant life before Rugby School, this helps the reader establish Tom’s personality and experiences. I was disappointed when I idn’t see this in movie because it helps the reader develop a sense of Brown’s past and compare it to his life at Rugby. The conclusion of the movie ends with Brown as one of Arthur’s pallbearers at his funeral. It was interesting to see this in the movie because in the original novel Arthur never died and actually helps the other students realize their harsh methods, inevitably changing their ways. There was also an added scene in the movie that never occurred in the book. The sex scene involving Flashman and Sally which I found quite pointless to include in the movi e.After comparing the novel and movie it is hard not to notice the differences but the main theme of a young man realizing his moral obligation is still portrayed. I enjoyed reading and watching the story but overall I have to say the novel was much better because the movie kept on straying away form the original story. I understand that Dave Moore was trying to make the movie original because of the previous movies before, but it felt like a different story in the introduction and conclusion of the movie. Tom Brown’s Schooldays by Thomas Hughes is a wonderful work of literature that will still be widely used in future.

Health Care Project Essay

Team B has chosen prescription drugs for our health care reform project and how our current economic status is influenced. We will give ideas and solutions to show how to decrease the drug pricing. Ways that can be implemented toward a solution. Pharmaceutical company’s need to amend their business practices from a high profit, low development model to a moderate profit, moderate to high development model. Structures and regulation that will explain the competition, barriers to entry, and regulations. Taking a look at drug pricing from different perspective, like cost, research, and development, marketing, and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs. The Monopoly of pricing who is involved, and the curves associated with it. Price discrimination how it changes who’s involved and what the criteria are for groups as well as pricing for individuals. How cost of co pays differ from brand names to generic and how the drug formulates come into play. How to make the system work for everyone that will amount to higher than just a 30-day supply, pharmacy assistance programs, local charity programs, and low income opportunities. Better ways to enforce existing legislation, vote in new legislation, and regulate prices across the board. The above affects the insured and non-insured American’s. For most American households, paying for health care to include prescription drugs and medical bills has been one of the hardest financial strains out there. According to a report published by (Consumer Reports, 2012), many have cut back on other household expenses or taken potentially dangerous measures with their health to afford their medications. The most affected population is the working-age Americans who do not have prescription drug insurance coverage. More than half of the people who completed the survey requested by Consumer Reports took one or more prescriptions had to reduce other household expenses or make changes in how the general population manage their finances. These reductions included how much they spend on their groceries, entertainment, activities with the family, and using their credit cards to purchase medications. The problem  was more severe with younger people than elderly people age 65 and older. â€Å"84 percent of them said they had to resort to such measures† (Consumer Reports, 2012) as previously listed. Prescription drugs or better yet the cost of prescription drugs is a discussion in the country of importance. The rise of the cost of prescription drugs is of important to many people in the United States and plays a huge role in the economics of health care. The elevated pricing of prescription drugs has become a focal point of politics and in need of some governance. Even though healthcare and prescription drugs are seen as a private sector issue, the discussion of some socialist measures put into place is a definite need for the economy. Some of those ideas include price-capping expensive drugs and even importing drugs from Canada. Healthcare and prescription drugs have been privatized; however, the government has a huge influence on them both. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, the government, including state, and federal, has contributed more the 2.7 trillion in 2011. This shows that we have hidden, or more politically correct, blurred the view of a socialist healthcare system. The currently health care system with health care reform has caused confusing for co nsumers. Many people are struggling to pay for the high cost of medication they are on. Some of the patients have to take a different type of medication, which is called alternative medication because their insurance denied paying for it in addition; the process to get approval from insurance takes longer time and more paperwork back and forth from doctors and insurance companies. In reality, health care consumers are the victims, they suffer from their medical illnesses, and they suffer for the high cost of prescription drugs. Health care reform in theory is helping more than forty million people to have health coverage, the demand curve shifts to the right. The important matter at the present time is the supply to cover that many people to have a quality care whereas the economy is gradually recovering. The unemployment rate is not changing much, it is still relatively high. When the prescription drug cost much of our income, seeking for other solution becomes a must do from consumers, they tend to dismiss their prescriptions or buying medication from online market, w hich may cause bad health than curing purpose.

Exploring ADHD and Available Treatments Essays - 2279 Words

Abstract: This research paper describes ADHD and the treatments available. It discusses the different medications and their side effects and explains the opinions of some doctors for an alternative treatment. The main goal of the writing is to shed some light on the disorder and describe some theories about ADHD. This goal is stated in the thesis which talks about how ADHD cannot be identified exactly, the side effects to the medication are harsh, there are different alternative treatments, and research shows it may be caused from hormones and sleep deprivation. A Normal Life ? Imagine sitting in a fourth grade science class. The teacher is lecturing in the front of the room while a groundskeeper mows the grass outside the window.†¦show more content†¦What is ADHD? ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological disorder found most commonly in children around the age of seven. ADHD symptoms are poor attention skills and hyperactivity. The first known ADHD symptoms were found in the mid 1800s in children with nervous system injuries and diseases. In 1848, a German physician wrote a childrens story, Fidgety Phil, describing hyperactive behavior. George Frederic Still, (Armas 2001) a British Pediatrician who believed that the children were brain-damaged and described the children as, aggressive, defiant, lawless, overactive, attention impaired, dishonest and accident-prone this first discovery. He also described them as having a defect in moral control. Since the beginning of ADHD people have been trying to find a cure for the hyperactive symptoms, but maybe the cure was right in front of everyones eyes all society needs to do is open them. Another statistic included with ADHD is the fact that between 1997-1998 data from the CDCs National Health Interview Survey showed that one-half of children diagnosed with ADHD have also been identified as having a learning disability. 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